Resistance strain gauges have two applications: one is as a sensitive component, which is directly used for strain measurement of the tested component; the other is used as a conversion component, and the sensor is constructed by an elastic component for any other strain that can be converted into elastic component strain. Physical quantities are measured indirectly. When measuring with a strain gauge, attach it to the surface of the object to be measured. When the object to be measured is deformed by force, the sensitive grid of the strain gauge is also deformed, and the resistance value changes correspondingly, and is converted into a voltage or current change by the conversion circuit, thereby realizing the strain measurement.
The working principle of the metal resistance strain gauge is the resistance strain effect, that is, when the wire is subjected to stress, its resistance changes correspondingly with the magnitude of mechanical deformation (stretching or compression). The theoretical formula of the resistance strain effect is as follows:
R=ρ*(L/S) where: ρ—resistivity (Ω·mm2/m) L—length of wire (m) S—cross-sectional area of wire (mm2)
It can be seen from the above formula that in the process of mechanical deformation of the wire subjected to stress, ρ, L, and Sare all changed, which inevitably causes a change in the resistance value of the wire. When stretched by external force, the length increases, the cross-sectional area decreases, and the resistance value increases; when the pressure is shortened, the length decreases, the cross-sectional area increases, and the resistance value decreases. Therefore, as long as the change in the resistance value can be measured, the strain of the wire can be known. This conversion relationship is:
ΔR/R=Koε where: R—the amount of change in the resistance value of the wire;
Ko—the strain sensitivity coefficient of the metal material, which is mainly determined by the test method and is basically a constant value within the elastic limit;
ε—The axial strain value of the metal material, ie ε=ΔL/L, is also called ε is the length strain value, and for the wire, the
value is between 0.24 and 0.4.
In practical applications, a metal strain gauge is attached to the surface of the sensor elastic component or the Hungry
component to be tested. When the elastic element or the mechanical part to be tested is strained by the force, the strain gauge attached thereto also undergoes the same mechanical deformation, causing a corresponding change in the resistance of the strain gauge. At this time, the resistance strain gauge converts the mechanical quantity into a change amount of the resistance output.
Circuit principle:
Usually the sensor uses four equal-value resistors to form a bridge circuit such as Wyeth. R, B are the input terminals, G and Ware the output terminals, and RS acts as a protection circuit. Adjust the zero balance of the circuit by adjusting RS and R1
Patch points
(1) Mainly applicable to the pressure sensor manufacturing process of 0.02 grade. The 0.02 level means that the output error is in the range of plus or minus 0.02 at full scale. High precision. The specific sensor manufacturing process will be described in detail later.
(2) Directly measure the strain of the member.
The strain gauge is directly attached to the deformation portion of the member. When the member is deformed, the resistance value of the strain gauge changes. The resistance strain measurement device (strain gauge) can measure the resistance change of the strain gauge and convert it into strain or proportional to the strain. The electrical signal (voltage, current) can be.
(3) Circuit selection (very critical)
The resistance change of the strain gauge is very small, and there must be a proper circuit to detect the slight change. We
usually choose a circuit in which the change of the strain gauge resistance can control the circuit, so that the output of the
circuit can be similar to the resistance change. An electrical signal (voltage or current) can then be properly processed
(amplified).